Our special collections contain several main items donated by college members, families of alumni, and college tutors and staff. Here we look at two examples of donors and their gifts. Our library rebuild plans include a new bespoke rare books and archives store and consultation space. These will allow us to preserve the collections and share them with many future generations.
A rare gift from the Obsonator
Hundreds of books were donated to the libraries of Magdalen Hall and Hart Hall in the 17th and 18th centuries. Our best sources of information for these are the Benefactors’ Books from Magdalen Hall. This edition of Lombard’s Sentences is one of the earliest printed items still in the collection. This copy was given to Magdalen Hall by Roger Fry in 1657. The inscription in the book (and in the Benefactors’ book) describes him as “obsonator”, i.e. manciple or caterer for the Hall.
Provenance note on inner leaf of bookEntry in fair copy of Benefactors’ BookText with early modern annotations in marginsCover of book showing chain marks“Sentences” by Peter Lombard, Bishop of Paris (approximately 1100-1160), is a theological and philosophical work. It consists of theological questions posed by Lombard and became the fundamental textbook for the study of Theology and as such was a required text in many universities in Europe well into the 16th century. This is an edition printed in Venice in 1489. There are just over 100 surviving copies of this particular edition, mainly in university libraries.
Cale’s legacy
Hertford College’s collections received a large bequest from Hart Hall alumnus John Cale in 1777. His will records the donation of books, money to pay for the transfer and cataloguing of the books, and shares in the East India Company to fund a librarian. Cale’s donations are currently part of the College’s rare books cataloguing project. We are gradually learning about the wide variety of material in his collection and his distinctive bindings and markings on the books.
This set of brief works is an example of the wide variety of material collected by Cale. The items were published from 1718 to 1754 and cover topics including currency and finances, controlling infectious diseases, political debate, growing hops, and the criticism of the Moravian Church.
Distinctive mottled calf binding of a Cale bookHops farmingEconomic policy debateMedical textsA very varied selection of works are bound in the same volume.
Many of the books in this early library are still part of our collection today. Our current plans to rebuild the library include a purpose-built store and consultation room for our special collections.
Representation of Magdalen Hall’s key figures, with Henry Wilkinson holding his plans for the library and Josiah Pullen on his left. Source: Skelton, Oxonia Antiqua Restaurata (1843)
Henry Wilkinson – Principal and Librarian
Principal Henry Wilkinson (1648-1662) funded the first purpose-built library for Magdalen Hall in 1656. The library was a single book-lined room in the Hall’s original site next to Magdalen College on Oxford’s High Street. As well as donating many volumes, he also published the first printed catalogue of any Oxford college or hall library in 1661. One aim of the catalogue was to highlight what was not in the collection to encourage donations to fill these gaps.
The original library was a simple room will bookshelves around the walls. Early catalogues have been used to reconstruct the arrangement of the library using the shelfmarks. They were not ordered by subject, and larger books were chained.
Chain marks on the front cover of an early modern book.
Josiah Pullen
Vice-Principal Josiah Pullen (1657-1714) continued the expansion of the library. He persuaded Hobbes to donate a copy of his works to his old hall in 1673. Pullen acted as Librarian and maintained the Benefactors’ Book – which we can see evidenced by his doodles on the end covers!
Josiah Pullen’s doodles in the back of the rough copy of the Benefactors’ Book.
Benefactors’ Books
The Benefactors’ Books are some of the most important archival resources from Magdalen Hall. They record donations from the 1650s to 1740s of books, coins, globes, and money to the library. Both the rough (working) and fair copy are part of Hertford’s archival collections. They are regularly used to trace the provenance of books held in the collection and to trace old members of the Hall.
Rules and regulations
Both copies of the Benefactors’ Books include a set of rules for reader behaviour in the Library. There were fees for students to use the library but also strict fines or bans for failing to follow rules.
The most costly fines were for writing in or damaging books, which attracted a 5 shilling fine plus the cost of repairing damage. Similarly, bringing in candles, drinks or tobacco would result in a six month ban.
Library users were also expected to be considerate of the library as a space. They were not permitted to leave ‘strangers’ in the library, although they were allowed to bring guests if they accompanied them. They were also required to study quietly in the library and not disturb other readers.
The Benefactors’ Books are a really useful tool for understanding how the library worked in the 17th and early 18th centuries. The library relied on direct funding by students and donations of money and books from old members and colleges friends to create the collection. And yet this library has a very familiar shape which we still recognise today, with libraries continuing continue to provide a vital quiet study space and access to academic resources.
A page from Hertford’s typed catalogue listing dozens of books per page, with handwritten additions.
When the current project to catalogue Hertford’s books started in 2018 only a small proportion of the books had been added to the University’s online library catalogue, SOLO. For the past few decades the main source of information about the collection had been an unpublished typewritten list with minimal information and little detail of provenance or physical condition. The few existing records already in the SOLO online catalogue had been added as part of larger Oxford projects, but this current project aims to add detailed records for all books in Hertford’s rare books collection to the online catalogue.
The first books to be catalogued were around 200 volumes that had previously been on loan to Oxford University Press as part of their “Printer’s Library”. These were mainly books printed in England during the 17th and 18th centuries covering a wide range of subjects from sermons to chess playing.
Left: The Printer’s Library bookplate on the inside of a Hertford book. Centre: a selection of the books on the shelves, with distinctive added publication date in gold at the base of their spines. Right: Title page of a book once in the Printer’s Library, printed in just a few minutes away from Hertford in Oxford’s Sheldonian Theatre in 1714.
Shelved alongside these was one particularly large and fascinating volume which was given to Hertford by F.D.S. Darwin (matriculated Queen’s, 1883) in 1934. This collection of broadsides contains 43 items, spanning 200 years. They are mostly proclamations, declarations and narratives relating to events from the reign of Charles I to Queen Anne, nearly half of which relate to the English Civil War and Interregnum.
Left: Proclamation by Charles I (1633). Centre: Proclamation by Oliver Cromwell (1654). Right: Napoleonic bulletin (1812)
There are also several very rare sheets; for example, the 28th bulletin of Napoleon’s “grande armée” issued in November 1812 when he arrived at Smolensk, relating various successes (and omitting losses), concluding with the sentence: “La santé de l’Empereur n’a jamais été meilleure” [translation: the health of the Emperor has never been better]. The volume also contains the only recorded surviving copy of the “The St. Lucia gazette, or, General intelligencer” printed on St Lucia on October 21, 1780 and gives a variety of information from items for sale to information relating to the American Revolution. Each item within the collection has been individually catalogued in the online catalogue.
Left: The spine label of the broadsides volume, the book is so large that it is stored flat. Right: St Lucia Gazette (1780)
The title page of Hertford’s Benefactors Book.
Cataloguing an early printed book involves looking at three areas: the bibliographic text, the materials used to construct the book and the provenance. The resulting record which appears on the library catalogue therefore holds a great deal of information which will enable researchers and academics to locate books and texts which fall into their sphere of interest more easily. With the increase in the numbers of texts which have been digitised, often the scholarly interest will lie in textual differences, manuscript annotations and ownership, all of which will be evident from the catalogue record in a way which was not previously available.
Unpicking the provenance trails of early printed books can shed so much light on the history of a collection, especially where written records may no longer exist. The pattern of ownership in college libraries in Oxford is typically a mix of bequest, donation and purchase, with the emphasis on bequest and donation, and this is particularly so at Hertford. Hertford’s early printed books have a somewhat complicated provenance trail. The collection combines the earlier libraries of Hart Hall and Magdalen Hall, which were the predecessors of the current Hertford College (for more on this see our history of the college). We are lucky to still have the Benefactors Book from Magdalen Hall, which records donations from the 1650s to 1730s and often provides useful information. Books can be matched with entries in the Benefactors Book which has proved invaluable in identifying previous owners and their roles in the college.
Left: Entry in the Benefactors Book for Richard Daye’s donation. He is listed as Magdalen Hall’s barber. Centre: Close up of the handwritten donation note on the title page of the book. Right: Detailed notes about Hertford’s copy in catalogue record
As the cataloguing continues, the college’s understanding of the connections alumni and other donors have had to the libraries of Magdalen Hall, Hart Hall and Hertford College over the centuries is growing. This helps us learn about life at the halls and college in the past and answer archival queries about old members and staff too. The new catalogue records are making it easier for researchers from around the world to learn about Hertford’s collections. This detailed information is helpful for researchers unable to visit the collections in person, and those tentatively planning potential trips to Oxford. We also hope that, by making the books easier to discover, this will lead to more enquiries and requests to visit the collection in future.
